The Regular Past Tense         add –ne to the end-Plurals stillthe same  a- stems verbs               Orta=rise –ortanë=rose             Lala=laugh – Lalanë= laughed             Caita= lie – Caitanë= lay             Ulya= pour – Ulyanë=poured   Primary verbs  R, m, n Cen= cennë Tam= tamnë(tapped)   But what about illegalconsonants?               t— Mat= mantë             c— Tac= tancë (nc- is always pronounced ñc or ‘gc’)             p— Top = tompë             l—vil = villë   -matne (maybe at one time) - mante-When letters move like this in linguistics, the change is called metathesis     Importance of Language Rules, Roots, and Similarities  Vil-“to fly” pa.t = ville -ll represents some combination of l and n.Older wilnë with the normal past tense ending(v < WIL), the group ln turning intoll in Quenya.   In Telerin, the sister language of Quenya, a verb formed from a root DEL ("go”) = past tense delle.It Probably descends from older denle.If it came from delne, it would have goneunchanged in Telerin. The cluster lnis permitted in that language (ex. elni"stars").   Practice:   ora- “urge” = oranë “urged” = órëa “is urging” hehta- “exclude” = hehtanë“excluded” = hehtëa “is excluding” ulya- “pour” = ulyanë “poured”= ulyëa “is pouring” sinta- “fade” =  sintanë “faded” = sintëa“is fading” lanta- “fall” = lantanë “fell” =lantëa “is falling” cap- “jump” = campë “jumped” = cápëa“is jumping” tul- “come” = tullë “came” = túlëa “is coming”   Alternative” Past Tense  Simply involves the roots. ‘D’ exists only in clusters: ld, nd, rd In Primitive Quenya, if a root hadthe ending ‘d,’ since that language didn’t permit theletter at the end, it became ‘r’ instead. This is still visible in the pasttense.   Rer “sow”= pa.trende (from RED)   Practice:   Hyar-(cleave) < (SYAD)= pa.t Hyandë Nir-(press,force)< (NID)= pa.t Nindë Ser-(rest)<(SED)=pa.t Sendë Nyar-(tell, relate)<(NAR(old Nad)=pa.t Nyarnë/Nyandë   Irregualrities:   Lav- “lick” = pa.t lávë    stem vowel lengthened, ‘n’ left out-irregular Úmë- “not do/not be”   Firiel’ssong- method in poem no longer common.   -Lav =Lambe  -Av(depart)/Ambe (departed) – but Lambeclashes with “language”          -In early QL, all ‘–v’ words have mb- pa.t probably could be formedeither way.   Some drop longer endings to have amuch shorter pa.t -Mapa = Mampe or Mapane? -Tolkienwrote Orane and orne for Ora, so use whichever fits your need   If it acts as a primary verb- Lala (laugh) < LADA = pa.t Lande or Lalane Lala (deny) (from LALA, never contained ‘d’) = pa.t Lalle or Lalane Farya< PHAR = pa.t Farne     Vocabulary:  lempë"five" elen"star" harma"treasure" (noun) sil- verb "shine" (withwhite or silver light, like star-shine or moon-shine) hir- verb "find" cap- verb "jump" tec- verb "write" quet- verb "speak, say" mel- verb "love" (asfriend; no Quenya word referring to erotic lovebetween the sexes has been published) cen- verb "see" (relatedto cenda- "read", which word isderived from a strengthened form of the same stem and meaning, basically, towatch closely). orta- verb "rise", alsoused = "raise, lift up". harya- verb "possess; have" (related to the noun harma"treasure", referring to a "possession")   Exercises 1. Translate into English A. I nér cendanë iparma. B. I Naucormanter. C. I aran tultanë i tári. D. Nís lindanë. E. I vendi tirner i Elda. F. I lempë roccor caitaner nu i alta tasar. G. I eleni siller. H. I Nauco cennë rocco.   2. Translate into Quenya: I. A Dwarf found the treasure. J. The Elf spoke. K. The horse jumped. L. The king loved the Elves. M. A man wrote five books. N. The queen rose. O. The kings possessed great treasures. P. The king and the queen summoned four Elves andfive Dwarves.       Answers:   1. A. The man read the book. B. The Dwarves ate. C. The king summoned thequeen. D. A woman sang. E. The maidens watched theElf. F. The five horses lay (/?were lying) under the big willow. G. The stars shone. H. TheDwarf saw a horse.   As suggested in F), it may be that it is also permissible totranslate Quenya past tenses using the "was/were...-ing" construction, e.g. B) "theDwarves were eating", D) "a woman was singing",F) "the five horses were lying". However, Quenya may well have distinct verb forms for this meaning.Published material provides no clues in this matter.   2. I. Naucohirnë i harma. J.I Elda quentë. K. I rocco campë. L. I aran mellë Eldar(or ...i Eldarwith the article if the phrase "the Elves" is taken as referring tosome particular Elves rather than the Elvish race in general) M. Nértencë lempë parmar. N. I tári ortanë. O. I arani haryaner altë harmar. P. I aran ar itári tultaner canta Eldar arlempë Naucor.